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aerobic wastewater treatment
Public health
Alternative sewers
Sand filters
Septic
systems
Septic system maintenance
Managing onsite systems
Lagoons
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs)
Hiring consultants
Wastewater characteristics
Spray and drip irrigation
Onsite systems inspections
Constructed wetlands
Biosolids
Infiltration and inflow (I/I)
Mound systems
Funding
Evapotranspiration systems
Site evaluations
Alternative toilets
Decentralized wastewater treatment
Home
aerobic wastewater treatment
Aerobic
treatment can be a good option for homes on sites unsuitable
for septic systems or in environmentally sensitive areas.
The Winter 1996 Pipeline (Volume 7, Number 1) explains
the advantages and disadvantages of these systems, how they
work, and their operation
and maintenance. The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL04
"Home Aerobic Wastewater Treatment: An Alternative to
Septic Systems."
Public
health
Whether
you are a homeowner with a septic system or a local official
responsible for a community system, wastewater treatment is
an important issue for you. The Summer 1996 Pipeline
(Volume 7, Number 3) describes the dangers associated with
inadequate wastewater treatment and how to avoid them. The
price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL06 "Wastewater
Treatment Protects Small Community Life, Health."
Alternative
sewers
Small
diameter sewers can be used to collect and transport wastewater
from small clusters of homes, developments, and communities.
Because they don’t require deep excavation, alternative
sewers are often a more practical and economical choice than
conventional gravity sewers. The Fall 1996 Pipeline
(Volume 7, Number 4) provides an overview of alternative sewer
technologies. The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL07
"Alternative Sewers: A Good Option for Many Communities."
Sand
filters
Sand
filters are used by many communities as an alternative to
centralized wastewater treatment. Because they provide high
quality treatment, sand filters are one of the best options
for environmentally sensitive areas or for providing additional
treatment where septic tank/soil absorption systems have failed.
The Summer 1997 Pipeline (Volume 8, Number 3) describes
open, buried, and recirculating sand filters, how they work,
and their operation and maintenance. The price is 40 cents.
Request Item #SFPLNL10 "Sand Filters Provide Quality,
Low-maintenance Treatment."
Septic
systems
Septic
tank/soil absorption systems are the most common type of onsite
wastewater treatment. When properly designed, sited, constructed,
and maintained, they are the best and most economical choice
for many homes and businesses. The Summer 1995 Pipeline
(Volume 6, Number 3) explains when septic systems are a good
idea, how they work, and their advantages and disadvantages.
The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL02 "Septic
Systems—a Practical Alternative for Small Communities."
Septic
system maintenance
Proper
operation and maintenance are essential to prolonging the
life of septic systems and preventing system failures. Homeowners
and community leaders will find the Fall 1995 Pipeline
(Volume 6, Number 4) full of helpful information. It explains
how to care for septic systems, when to pump, what to and
what not to flush, and what to expect at an inspection visit.
The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL03 "Maintaining
Your Septic System—a Guide for Homeowners."
Managing
onsite systems
For
many small communities, onsite and decentralized wastewater
systems are more practical and economical than centralized
systems. However, many communities view lack of individual
control of these systems as a disadvantage. The Spring 1996
Pipeline (Volume 7, Number 2) explains why community
management of wastewater systems is a good idea and gives
several strategies for developing programs for the operation,
maintenance, or monitoring of these systems. The price is
40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL05 "Management Programs
Can Help Small Communities."
Lagoons
Lagoons
are common around the world because they are a low-cost, low-maintenance,
and energy-efficient wastewater treatment technology. The
Spring 1997 Pipeline (Volume 8, Number 2) presents
an overview of different types of lagoon systems, how they
work, their operation and maintenance, and their advantages
and disadvantages. The price is 40 cents. Request item #SFPLNL09
"Lagoons Systems can Provide Low-cost Wastewater Treatment."
Combined
sewer overflows (CSOs)
Combined
sewer overflows (CSOs) are remnants of the country’s
early infrastructure, when cities built combined sewer systems
for collecting both wastewater and stormwater. Combined sewers
can become overloaded during wet weather, causing untreated
wastewater to overflow into the nearest body of water. The
Spring 1995 Pipeline (Volume 6, Number 2) explains
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s CSO Control
Policy and its requirements for small communities. The price
is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL01 "Combined Sewer Overflows
—A Priority for Small Communities."
Hiring
consultants
Consultants
are not all the same. Like doctors, lawyers, and other professionals
they have different talents, interests, and levels of experience.
The Winter 1997 Pipeline (Volume 8, Number 1) offers
some strategies for hiring consultants that can be used by
small communities and homeowners. Topics include developing
requests for proposals (RFPs), conducting interviews, and
negotiating contracts. The price is 40 cents. Request Item
#SFPLNL08 "Choose the Right Consultant for Your Wastewater
Project."
Wastewater
characteristics
The
water we use may disappear from sight, but it never really
goes away. Wastewater continues to affect our lives long after
it swirls down the drain. How? Because certain wastewater
components degrade water quality and can endanger public health.
The Fall 1997 Pipeline (Volume 8, Number 4) answers
some basic questions about wastewater and its potential to
impact public health and the environment. The price is 40
cents. Request Item #SFPLNL11 "Basic Wastewater Characteristics."
Spray
and drip irrigation
Reusing
water to irrigate land can help protect surface water resources
by preventing pollution and by conserving potable water for
other uses. The soil provides additional treatment through
naturally occurring physical, biological, and chemical processes.
The Winter 1999 Pipeline (Volume 10, Number 1) discusses
two types of wastewater irrigation systems—spray systems
and subsurface drip systems—plus operation and maintenance
issues that go along with land-applied disposal methods. The
price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL16 "Spray and
Drip Irrigation for Wastewater Reuse, Disposal."
Onsite
systems inspections
Routine
onsite system inspections help protect the health of families,
their neighbors, and communities. They help homeowners determine
when and how often maintenance is needed. The Spring 1998
Pipeline (Volume 9, Number 2) focuses on inspections
of existing onsite systems to determine whether they are functioning
properly and to diagnose problems before they lead to expensive
repairs. The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL13 "Inspections
Equal Preventative Care for Onsite Systems."
Constructed
wetlands
Constructed
wetlands can treat wastewater from a variety of sources—homes,
businesses, and communities. The Summer 1998 Pipeline
(Volume 9, Number 3) offers basic information for homeowners
and community leaders about the types of constructed wetlands,
how they work, and some of their advantages and disadvantages.
The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL14 "Constructed
Wetlands: A Natural Treatment Alternative."
Biosolids
Treating
and disposing of sewage sludge and domestic septage can significantly
add to wastewater treatment costs. These materials called
“biosolids” have a variety of beneficial agricultural
uses and help to rehabilitate land damaged by mining and other
industries. The Fall 1998 Pipeline (Volume 9, Number
4) presents a brief overview of options for managing biosolids
and discusses the regulations that are involved in biosolid
recycling and disposal. The price is 40 cents. Request Item
#SFPLNL15 "Managing Biosolids inSmall Communities."
Infiltration
and inflow (I/I)
High
groundwater or water remaining in the soil after rain or snow
can infiltrate mainline pipes, joints, service laterals, connections,
and other parts of older, damaged collection systems. Additional
water can also enter collection systems from above-ground
sources. Extra water entering collection systems is referred
to as infiltration and inflow (I/I). The Spring 1999 Pipeline
(Volume 10, Number 2) provides an overview of common methods
for evaluating and correcting I/I problems, plus maintenance
practices to prevent I/I from occurring. The price is 40 cents.
Request item #SFPLNL17 "Infiltration and Inflow can be
Costly for Communities."
Mound
systems
Mound
systems were developed to overcome three natural conditions:
slow or rapidly permeable soils, shallow soils, and/or a high
water table. A site with any of these conditions is not suited
for a conventional septic system. The Summer 1999 Pipeline
(Volume 10, Number 3) discusses mounds and how they are designed,
operated, and maintained. The price is 40 cents. Request item
#SFPLNL18 "Mounds: A Septic System Alternative."
Funding
If
your town is like other small communities, the most important—and
perhaps the most difficult—part of a wastewater treatment
project is securing the funding. Fewer residents help pay
for a project, and fewer experts and resources are available
to help find funding sources. The Fall 1999 Pipeline
(Volume 10, Number 4) discusses funding sources for wastewater
treatment projects. The price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL19
"Funding Sources are Available for Wastewater Projects."
Evapotranspiration
systems
Evapotranspiration
(ET) systems use an alternative onsite treatment technology
suitable for areas where risks of groundwater and surface
water contamination might exist. The Winter 2000 Pipeline
focuses on two versions of ET systems, how they are designed,
how they treat wastewater effluent, and what climate and soil
conditions warrant their use. The price is 40 cents. Request
Item #SFPLNL20 "Evapotranspiration Systems."
Site
evaluations
More
than one-fourth of Americans use some type of onsite wastewater
treatment systems, and thousands of new onsite permits are
issued each year. The Spring 2000 Pipeline explains
the importance of a site evaluation, what steps are taken
in the process, and how an evaluator uses test results to
determine the best type of treatment system for a site. The
price is 40 cents. Request Item #SFPLNL21 "Site Evaluations."
Alternative
toilets
Reduced
amounts of water for toilet flushing is standard in the industry
today. In addition to low-volume toilets, other alternatives
have been developed. The Summer 2000 Pipeline (Volume
11, Number 3) discusses several designs of alternative toilets,
and what circumstances may be suited to their use in the home
or in public restrooms. The price is 40 cents. Request item
#SFPLNL22 "Alternative Toilets: Options for Conservation
and Specific Site Conditions."
Decentralized
wastewater treatment
Small
communities are frequently faced with needing to upgrade or
replace their wastewater infrastructure, but centralized sewerage
and treatment may not be the answer for everyone. The Fall
2000 Pipeline (Volume 11, Number 4) discusses ways
to improve community wastewater treatment by using managed
individual onsite and cluster systems. The price is 40 cents.
Request Item #SFPLNL23 "Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Systems."
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