Products Archive

The National Small Flows Clearinghouse (NSFC) provides many low-cost informational products about wastewater-related issues and has recently added some products to its Products Archive. Descriptions of these products are given below.

To order products, send an e-mail to nsfc_orders@mail.nesc.wvu.edu indicating the title of the product, Item number, and quantity you wish to order. Please note that shipping charges will be added to each order, even if the product itself is free.

Hunters Point Shipyard Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Study
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission investigated various decentralized wastewater treatment technologies for use at Hunters Point Shipyard in San Francisco. The conclusion of this study, as well as important technical and cost information considered in the citywide Clean Water Master Plan, is discussed. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWCDMG34.

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Decentralized Wastewater System Reliability Analysis Handbook
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
Understanding how to improve the performance of decentralized systems is crucial to allocating the often scarce resources available for hardware and management. Developing a framework through which a practitioner may select appropriate asset management and reliability assessment tools represents the critical elements of the project. This handbook was developed to allow the results of this work to be easily incorporated into the decision-making communities, regulators, and the design community. Real-life examples and fictional case studies are interspersed throughout the document to assist the reader in further understanding the framework and tools. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWCDMG46.

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Chepachet Village Decentralized Wastewater Demonstration Project
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
The Chepachet Village Decentralized Wastewater Demonstration Project (CVDWDP) began when the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (RIDEM) performed a shoreline inspection that discovered a number of homes in need of repair and maintenance to their septic systems. Many homes had difficulty with the repairs due to small lots, surface drainage problems, land slopes, and shallow groundwater. RIDEM began working in conjunction with the University of Rhode Island, Rhode Island Independent Contractors and Associates, and non-profit agencies to begin using alternative onsite wastewater technologies to repair failing septic systems and developed a conceptual plan for village wastewater management using computer-generated maps. This booklet summarizes the results of CVDWDP and offers one approach other New England communities can adopt to meet pressing wastewater treatment needs, while protecting public health and environmental quality. Cost: Free
The booklet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLCS26.

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Micro-Scale Evaluation of Phosphorus Management Alternative Wastewater Systems Evaluation
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
Understanding and reducing sources of phosphorus pollution in the landscape includes evaluating and minimizing the phosphorus contribution from onsite systems to surface waters. Many phosphorus management methods have been developed and tested for use in decentralized wastewater treatment. This project gathered information about the application, performance, cost-effectiveness, and other factors associated with each method. Results from the project proved that nearly all methods require some form of long-term management program in order to successfully address phosphorus. This finding has important implications in managing phosphorus from decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWCDMG45.

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Application of Simulation-Optimization Methods for Management of Nitrate Loading to Ground Water from Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Near La Pine, Oregon
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
The objective of this project was to develop and demonstrate a method to estimate the optimal loading of nitrate from decentralized wastewater treatment systems to an aquifer method utilizing a stimulation-optimization approach in which a nitrate fate and transport simulation model is linked to an optimization model. Using this method, maximum sustainable loading rates that meet constraints on groundwater discharge can be determined. This method enhances the value of a simulation model as a decision-support tool in developing performance-based standards for onsite systems that will protect the quality of groundwater resources. This method was demonstrated in conjunction with National Onsite Demonstration Project (NODP) in the community of La Pine, Oregon. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWCDMG49.

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Organic Wastewater Compounds, Pharmaceuticals, and Coliphage in Groundwater Receiving Discharge from Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Near La Pine, Oregon: Occurrence and Implications for Transport
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
This project involved documenting the occurrence of organic wastewater compounds, pharmaceuticals, and coliphage in onsite wastewater. These contaminants were also documented in a shallow, unconfined, sandy aquifer that serves as the primary source of drinking water for most residents near La Pine, Oregon. Results of the documentary are reported, including views on samples taken that may prove to be useful indicators of the presence of human waste in the environment. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item ##WWCDMG47.

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Methods for Comparing Wastewater Treatment Options - Ocean Arks International
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
01/23/06
Many communities face decisions regarding centralized versus decentralized wastewater treatment and the various strategies available within the sectors. In this report, analytical tools and methods are evaluated that have the potential to capture the environmental penalty of such wastewater options in non-monetary units for U.S. communities. Methods are classified into environmental impact assessment, open wastewater planning, and life cycle assessment. The strengths and weaknesses of each method, as well as ways to streamline data needs while still reliably answering questions about wastewater treatment alternatives, are described. Cost: Free
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item ##WWCDMG41.

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Technical Overview: Alternating Drainfields
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
02/18/05
This document provides a technical overview of alternating drainfield systems. Included are sections on design specifications, siting advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, costs, and a case study citation. (general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
SFBLTO01/Booklet: 8pp. (2003)
The cost of this booklet is $1.25.
Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #SFBLTO01.

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Technical Overview: Biological Filtration
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
02/18/05
This document provides a technical overview of the biological filtration process. Following a brief introduction on biofilters, sections related to design specifications (including foam, plastic, textile, or peat filter media), siting advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, costs, and a case study are included. (general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
SFBLTO02/Booklet: 8pp. (2004)
The cost of this booklet is $1.25. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #SFBLTO02.

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Technical Overview: Soil Absorption Systems
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
02/18/05
This document provides a technical overview of the soil absorption system (SAS) process. Following a brief introduction on SAS, sections related to design specifications (including trenches and beds, serial distribution, contour trenches, and low-pressure pipes), siting advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and costs are included. (general public, public health officials, planners, contractors, and developers)
SFBLTO03/Booklet: 12pp. (2004)
The cost of this booklet is $1.25. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #SFBLTO03.

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Homeowner's Manual For the Operation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of a Gravity On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
Washington Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Services
2/18/05
The manual was designed to help homeowners build and maintain a file of septic system information to assist in the operation and monitoring of their mound on-site sewage system. The manual is customized to an owner's specific needs-the components for their property. Included are the do's and don'ts of the system, a workbook to track and maintain records of system interaction, and system-specific information to educate the homeowner. This manual includes appendices such as a glossary, laws and regulations, onsite system lifecycles, roles and responsibilities, and references. This manual is not technical in nature, but an aid to discussions between professionals and their clients. (local and state officials, general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
WWBLOM47/Booklet: 42pp. (1999) $13.00
This booklet is $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLOM47.

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Homeowner's Manual for the Operation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of a Proprietary Device On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
Washington Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Services
2/18/05
This manual is intended to help onsite system owners operate, monitor, and maintain their pressure or mound systems. Information includes the "do's and don'ts" of onsite system operation, an onsite system file for record keeping, system components list, and system operation. The manual is customized to fit the needs of an owner, such as the components that are appropriate for their property; effluent pumps, mounds and dosing siphons, among others. Appendices and simple illustrations allow this manual to act as an aid to professionals when speaking to clients. (local and state officials, general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
WWBLOM48/Booklet: 43pp. (1999)
This booklet is $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLOM48

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Homeowner's Manual for the Operation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of a Pressure Distribution On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
Washington Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Services
2/18/05
This manual is intended to help pressure distribution onsite system owners operate, monitor, and maintain their pressure distribution system. The "do's and don'ts" of onsite system operation, an onsite system file for record keeping, system component list, and system operation are details focused upon in this manual. The glossary, laws and regulations, and illustrations found throughout the manual aid the onsite professional when speaking to client. (local officials, general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
WWBLOM49/Booklet: 41pp. (1999) $13.00
This booklet is $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLOM49.

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Homeowner's Manual for the Operation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of a Sand Filter On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
Washington Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Services
2/18/05
This manual is intended to help sand filter onsite system owners operate, monitor, and maintain their sand filter system. The manual is customized to an owner's specific needs-the components that are appropriate for their property. This manual also includes an onsite system file for record keeping, system component list, and system operation. Illustrations and appendices aid in discussions between professionals and their clients. (local officials, general public, public health officials, state officials, contractors, and developers)
WWBLOM50/Booklet: 43pp. (1999) $13.00
This booklet is $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLOM50.

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Homeowner's Manual for the Operation, Monitoring, and Maintenance of a Mound On-site Sewage Treatment and Disposal System
Washington Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Services
2/18/05
This manual is intended to help mound onsite system owners operate, monitor, and maintain their systems. The manual is customized to an owner's specific needs-the components that are appropriate for their property. This manual also includes an onsite system file for record keeping, system component list, and system operation. Illustrations and appendices aid in discussions between professionals and their clients. (local and state officials, general public, public health officials, contractors, and developers)
WWBLOM51/Booklet: 40pp. (1999) $13.00
This booklet is $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLOM51.

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USEPA's Program to Regulate the Placement of Waste Water and other Fluids Underground
EPA Office of Water
2/18/05
IThis fact sheet provides an introduction to injection wells and discusses how the UIC program regulates the five classes of injection wells. The need for the UIC program and how it works to protect groundwater supplies are also explained. (engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local and state officials, planners, managers, and public health officials)
GNFSRG67/Factsheet: 2pp. (1999)
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #GNFSRG67.

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Performance of a Textile Filter, Polishing Sand Filter & Shallow Trench System for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater at the Northeast Regional Correction Center
Natural Resources Research Institute
2/18/05
The Northeast Regional Correction Center research site provided an excellent location to evaluate the treatment and operational performance of a proprietary recirculating textile filter (for enhanced pathogen removal) and shallow infiltration trenches for final treatment and dispersal. This research study provides an unbiased evaluation of the treatment and operational performance of the system. (researchers, engineers, state regulatory agencies, contractors, developers, public health officials, and local officials)
WWBLRE48/Booklet: 28pp. (2001)
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLRE48.

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Performance of Pre-engineered Modular Peat Filters for the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater at the Northeast Regional Correction Center
Natural Resources Research Institute
2/18/05
A research site at the Northeast Regional Correction Center near Duluth was established in 1995, involving approximately 50 private and public sector partners, to design, construct, and monitor the performance of advanced onsite treatment systems. Third-party monitoring provides an unbiased evaluation of year-round treatment and operational performance of this peat filter system, especially in a cold climate. This evaluation also provides data regarding the suitability of Minnesota peat as a possible substitute for the standard peat imported from Ireland. (contractors, developers, public health officials, planners, managers, state regulatory agencies, engineers, researchers, general public, and local officials)
WWBLRE49/Booklet: 21pp. (2001)
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWBLRE49.

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Innovative Onsite Sewage Treatment Systems: Single-Pass Sand Filters
University of Minnesota Extension Service
2/18/05
This fact sheet provides a semi-technical overview of single-pass sand filter technology. Included is information on the treatment application, how sand filters work, placement and design of the system, final disposal of wastewater, and operation and maintenance. This fact sheet will be a valuable tool for those considering installing a sand filter or those who have one but want to know more. (contractors, developers, general public, and public health officials)
WWFSGN217/Factsheet: 4pp. (2001) $1.20
This fact sheet is $1.20. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSGN217.

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Pumping Your Septic Tank
Teri King and Jodie Holdcroft
8/12/03
Septic maintenance can extend the life of your septic system, protect water quality, and also help protect public health. This brochure explains why it is necessary to regularly pump your septic tank. It lists the information that the pumper should include on a receipt, such as tank size, construction, and number of compartments; effluent levels, tank condition, and scum and sludge levels; baffle condition; outlet baffle effluent filter; pump chamber and pump; drainfield condition; sewage disposal location; and any abnormal findings. The brochure includes a brief description about watertight septic tanks. Homeowners, public health officials, and local officials will find this information useful.
The cost of this brochure is 40 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item#WWBRPE71

Landscaping Your Septic Tank
Teri King and Jodie Holdcroft
8/12/03
In developing a site, it is important for homeowners to prepare a comprehensive plan for the property. This brochure describes different ways to plan a landscape design for optimum septic tank operation. Information is provided about topics, such as knowing your septic components for easy access, choosing the right plants, and a plant list. This brochure will be useful for homeowners as they landscape the area around their septic system.
The cost of this brochure is 40 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWBRPE72.

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A Status of Tools for Community Decentralized Wastewater Solutions
National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project
8/11/03
This report is the result of two 2002 workshops (organized by the Green Mountain Institute for Environmental Democracy and supported by the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project.) The purpose of the workshops was to better understand the services and tools available to communities and how these tools and services can be improved. Experts in the application of decentralized solutions met with representatives of community projects that had already or were in the process of deciding on wastewater solutions. This report tries to identify situations where additional effort can strengthen the participation of communities in making wastewater decisions that apply managed decentralized solutions, when appropriate.

The two workshops focused on distinct aspects of decentralized wastewater system development. The first workshop emphasized on the issue of interactions between community representatives and technical experts such as wastewater engineers. The second workshop covered the relationship between a community and state agencies that are required to regulate wastewater and often provide assistance. Both workshops were designed to recognize the role of service providers in assisting communities.

The first part of this report is structured to run through each of the steps in the community process that leads to the choice and implementation of wastewater solutions. These steps constitute a "community process." From the observations noted, the remainder of the report identifies key findings that provide the basis for the last section of conclusions. This information will be useful to local officials, the general public, planners, managers, state officials, state regulatory agencies and engineers.
The CD is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWBKMG21.

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Everything You Always Wanted To Know About Septic Systems . . . But Didn't Know Who To Ask ! Homeowner Version 1.0
Environmental Health, Volusia County Health Department
8/11/03
This interactive CD ROM educates homeowners about conventional onsite systems. The CD is divided into six main sections, including the history of the modern septic system, public health issues, effluent characteristics, failures and repairs, frequently asked questions, and Web sites for additional information. The septic tank and drainfield are further detailed through an extensive video/slide show that covers such topics as septic tank requirements, use of dosing tanks, types of tanks to use, aerobic treatment units, drainfield location, what aggregate and lateral pipe to use, and alternative soil absorption systems. Although some sections are based upon Florida regulations, this CD can be edited to reflect regulations and requirements specific to any state or local jurisdiction. This CD ROM may interest those who work with or are in contact with homeowners, such as public health officials, regulators, contractors, and developers as well as the general public.
The cost of this CD is $6.50. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWCDPE76.

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Septic Systems for Wastewater Disposal
American Ground Water Trust
8/11/03
One-third of all American homes use onsite wastewater treatment systems; however, since septic systems are out of sight, many homeowners rarely think about them. When properly designed, installed, and maintained, septic tanks and similar onsite disposal systems are effective from an engineering perspective, economic for the homeowners, and friendly to the environment. All states have septic system regulations that are intended to protect groundwater. Most onsite wastewater systems are used for homes that also have their drinking water supplied by a well. In some rural and suburban areas, sewer lines have to stretch great distances to connect homes with a centralized treatment plant, making the connection to such systems impractical. Fortunately, in many rural areas, natural soils can treat wastewater as thoroughly and safely using an onsite disposal system, as can be achieved by municipal sewage treatment systems.

This booklet provides basic septic system information for homeowners. It discusses several topics, including the purpose of wastewater disposal systems; how septic tanks and aeration systems work and when to use them; the purpose of a soil absorption system, how it works, and siting requirements; how to prevent system failure; and where to go for additional information. This booklet will be useful to public health officials, contractors/developers, and the general public.
The cost of this booklet is 65 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWBLPE75.

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Low-Pressure Pipe Sewage System Installation and Design
Theo B. Terry
8/11/03
Design and installation methods are crucial for obtaining proper low-pressure pipe (LPP) system performance. This manual the Lincoln Trial District Health Department (Kentucky) prepared is intended to be used as a voluntary reference for installers, inspectors, and users of LPP sewage disposal systems. The table, charts, figures, and instructions in this manual give detailed step-by-step procedures to use when designing LPP systems. A video titled, ÒLow-pressure Pipe Sewage Disposal System, Design and Installation,Ó also a National Small Flows Clearinghouse product (WWVTDM100) can be used in conjunction with the manual as a tool to train inspectors and certified installers. This manual will be helpful to engineers, planners, managers, public health officials, operators, and contractors/developers. The cost of this booklet is $4.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWBLDM101.

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Small Community Wastewater Solutions: A Guide to Making Treatment, Management, and Financing Decisions
Ken Olsen, Bridget Chard, Doug Malchow, and Don Hickman
6/23/03
This publication aims to help property owners become critical thinkers with respect to the information, concerns, and recommendations that will surface as they begin the process of solving their wastewater problems. It also provides the tools small communities need to access this data and to make independent, informed judgments and choices. The first chapter offers a quick grounding in wastewater problems; followed by a chapter-by-chapter roadmap to small community wastewater treatment solutions. It explains what the people in a community will need to do, including what they need to know before making any decisions, sewage treatment system options, wastewater management options, community organizational structure options, financing wastewater systems, working with professionals, and, finally, implementation of the plan. There is a glossary and several appendices that include sample surveys, a summary of treatment options, scientific abbreviations and measurements, and a guide to common acronyms. The book is a comprehensive guide to making community wastewater treatment decision. Local officials and other community leaders will find it particularly useful and is a good resource for researchers and the general public, planners, managers, state officials, public health officials, and finance officers.
The cost of this book is $19.50. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #FMBKGN210.

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Preventing On-lot Sewage System Malfunctions
Albert R. Jarrett, and Raymond W. Regan
6/2/03
For most people living in rural areas, sewage collection, treatment, and disposal must be accomplished onsite. Properly designed and installed onsite sewage systems provide adequate treatment and disposal of liquid household wastes. Still, some onsite systems malfunction for the following four reasons: faulty installation, hydraulic overloading, biological overloading, or lack of maintenance. This fact sheet discusses these malfunctions and suggests potential remedies for each. The fact sheet also includes diagrams of a typical onsite sewage system and a cross-section of a typical two-chamber septic tank. Although intended for Pennsylvania residents, public health officials across the country can use the information in this fact sheet as part of a homeowner education program. State regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, state officials, public health officials, and contractors/developers may also find this information useful.
The cost of this fact sheet is 80 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSPE70.

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EPA Guidelines for Management of Onsite/Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
EPA Office of Water
6/2/03
How onsite and other decentralized wastewater treatment systems perform is a national issue of great concern. This U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) brochure discusses the guidelines for managing decentralized treatment systems. The brochure includes a detailed description of the guidelines, why they are needed, and it explains about their voluntary adoption. The brochure explains what the guidelines are, defines model management programs, and outlines the next steps for EPA. Wastewater professionals involved in following regulatory guidelines will be most interested in this information, but it is also useful and applicable to the general public. This information will also be useful to researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, managers, state officials, public health officials, and contractors/developers.
The cost of this brochure is 60 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item# WWFSMG19.

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Selecting an Onsite Wastewater or Septic System
Kent State Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service
6/2/03
This fact sheet explains how to select an onsite wastewater or septic system based on soils, the site, use, and other factors. The fact sheet emphasizes system maintenance, regardless of the system installed. It provides a selection of tips for owners and lists and diagrams of the different types of systems, including the traditional ones. Lagoons, alternative systems, sand filters, mounds, aeration, and constructed wetlands are also discussed with diagrams. Soil absorption system options, such as absorption beds, low-pressure pipe distribution, and drip irrigation are included. There is information about cluster systems, with a closing word about system performance and life. Additional available publications are cited. This fact sheet is a good preliminary reference for those selecting the best system for a set of variables, including soil permeability. The information is non-technical and homeowners should find it easy to understand. Wastewater professionals, such as local or public health officials, may want to use it for community education purposes. Engineers, researchers, and the general public may also make use of this information.
The cost of this fact sheet is 75 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSPE68.

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Uncovering the Mystery In Your Backyard: A Homeowner’s Guide To Septic Systems
Maryland Department of the Environment, Maryland Center for Environmental Training
6/2/03
Many people don’t think about their septic system until there is a problem. This short video explains why onsite wastewater treatment options are important, how septic systems prevent pollution, and ways for homeowners to ensure the system works and to protect their investment, the environment, and the public health. The narration and film footage in this video cover three basic concepts:

1) how your septic system works,
2) best management practices, and
3) alternative technologies.

The components of the septic tank and its functions are explained and shown with animated illustrations. This video uses easy-to-understand language to describe how wastewater is treated in the conventional onsite wastewater system and emphasizes the biological nature of the system. The video also includes discussions about the homeowner responsibility for maintenance, pumping, and water use and the do’s and don’ts. Alternative systems, such as sand filters, mounds, peat filters, aerobic treatment units, and constructed wetlands are discussed as well as the reasons alternatives to septic systems are sometimes needed. The video is simple, detailed, and well made. It’s message could be a good tool to educate homeowners and others who need to understand the basic components, purposes, function, and maintenance of the conventional septic system and its alternatives (engineers, local officials, managers, planners, general public, state officials, public health officials, an contractors/developers).
The video is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item # WWVTPE74.

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Septic System Maintenance
K. Mancl, B. Slater
6/2/03
Septic systems are simple to operate, and when properly designed, constructed, and maintained, they do an excellent job of removing pollutants from wastewater. Property owners can do a few important things to keep their system operating for 20 to 30 years. This brief fact sheet discusses the primary components of proper septic system maintenance, including water conservation, careful landscaping, pumping the septic tank, system upgrading, and professional management. Line drawings illustrate a cross section of a septic tank and the septic system, including the soil absorption system. A data table presents an estimate of septic tank pumping frequencies in years for year-round residence, depending on the size of the septic tank. Homeowners will find this information easily assessible, and those wastewater professionals who work with homeowners may want to use it as an educational tool (engineers, researchers, local officials, general public, planners, public health officials, and contractors/developers).
The cost of this fact is 80 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item # WWFSPE73.

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State Onsite Wastewater Regulators and Captains of Industry Conferences: Interactive CD ROM
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
6/23/03
This interactive CD-ROM documents the proceedings of the 2002 State Onsite Wastewater Regulators and Captains of Industry Conferences held in Newport, RI, in March 2002. From each of the conference agendas, several full-text papers and/or presentations as well as opening remarks can be viewed on-screen or downloaded and printed. Topics include the status of onsite systems, pathogen and nutrient treatment and transport in soils, an overview of Capacity Development work, cluster systems, onsite wastewater planning and zoning, a model onsite system ordinance project, and U.S. EPA onsite wastewater initiatives. The CD also includes a photo gallery, lists of attendees and presenters with their contact information, and additional resources, along with a follow-up article from the Small Flows Quarterly. The CD-ROM will be of particular interest to those wastewater professionals involved with onsite wastewater regulations, including government officials with regulatory oversight, local officials, public health officials, engineers, manufacturers, and consultants. To access the files on this CD, you will need the following software: Microsoft Windows (the CD is not Mac compatible), a Web browser (Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, etc.), a media player, Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, and Corel WordPerfect. For some links, such as QuickTime 6, you will also need a live Internet connection.
This cost of this CD is $10.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWCDRG68.

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Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual
Office of Water, Office of Research and Development
4/8/02
This 357-page manual contains overview information on onsite wastewater treatment technologies, installation practices, and past performance. However, it does not provide detailed design information and is not intended as a substitute for region- and state-specific conditions, technologies, and practices appropriate to each individual jurisdiction. The manual's information provides an operational framework for developing and improving Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems program structure, criteria, alternative designs, and performance requirements. The chapters in the manual cover various issues, including:

* the importance of planning to ensure that system densities are appropriate for prevailing hydrologic and geologic conditions,
* performance requirements to guide system design,
* wastewater characterizations accurately predicting waste strength and flows,
* site evaluations that identify appropriate design and performance boundaries,
* technology selection to ensure that performance requirements are met,
* management activities that govern installation, and
* operation, maintenance, and remediation of failed systems.

The manual emphasizes the need to improve cooperation and coordination among the various health, planning, zoning, development, utility, and resource protection programs operated by public and private organizations. In each chapter, figures and tables supplement the text. The manual serves as a technical guidance for those involved in the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and regulation of onsite systems. The comprehensiveness of the guide makes it an excellent reference tool for engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, planners, managers, public health officials, state officials, and contractors/developers.
This book is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWBKDM99.

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A Quick Guide to Small Community Wastewater Treatment Decisions
Ken Olsen
4/8/03
This four-page fact sheet is a good introductory community education tool to raise awareness of the need for people in the community to be involved in the effective treatment of wastewater. It briefly defines wastewater and wastewater treatment options. Approaches to finding effective solutions to wastewater treatment issues are outlined. The benefits of wastewater system management, organizational structures, and costs and financing are also listed. Tips on working with wastewater professionals and sources for additional information are given, including useful Web sites. This concise fact sheet emphasizes the need for a community solution to the treatment of wastewater. Although it was produced by the University of Minnesota Extension Service, the information will be useful to those in any state. (local officials, managers, planners, general public, public health officials, finance officers, contractors/developers, state officials)
The cost for this fact sheet is $1.30. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWFSPE69.

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Managing Septic Tank-Sand Bioreactor Systems
Karen Mancl
4/8/03
This brief four-page fact sheet illustrates and describes step-by-step the proper management of a septic tank-sand bioreactor filtration system. When a rural home is planned for an area with shallow or very permeable soils, or in an area with a high seasonal water table, special sand bioreactors can be used to provide the necessary wastewater treatment. A septic tank-sand bioreactor system is composed of four parts: the septic tank, a dosing tank, a sand bioreactor, and a disinfected system. Wastewater flows from the septic tank into the dosing tank, is then pumped into the sand bioreactor, and then disinfected before it can be discharged to a stream or dispersed on a lot through an irrigation system. Those wastewater professionals whose work involves alternatives to the conventional septic system may find this information useful. (engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, planners, public health officials, operators, and contractors/developers)
The cost of this fact sheet is 80 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item #WWSFMG18.

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Low Pressure Pipe Sewage Disposal System
Lincoln Trail District Health Department
4/8/03
This video from the Lincoln Trail District Health Department in Hardin County, Kentucky, takes the viewer through the process of planning, preparation, design, installation, testing, and inspection of a low-pressure pipe (LPP) sewage disposal system. Specifically, a step-by-step process is demonstrated for the layout of the disposal field, as are computations for distribution lines and their flow rates. An animated diagram of the system illustrates the flow of effluent through the system. The installation process is demonstrated, including excavation for the primary and dosing tanks and trenches for the pipes. Next, the setup of the pump, electrical controls, and high-water alarm float is shown. Construction of the low-pressure pipe network follows, with a view of the completed manifold and distribution lines. A curtain drain and its purpose are explained; adjustments to the pressure head, environmental inspections of all components, and final filling in of the trenches with gravel, soil, and straw complete the process. This video will be very helpful to the wastewater professionals and homeowners needing basic information about the low-pressure pipe sewage disposal system and its installation.
The cost for this video tape $13.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request Item# WWVTDM100.

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2002-2003 National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project: Training, Research and Development Plan
National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project
10/2/02
The National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) was formed in 1996 to coordinate and implement a national training, research, and development agenda in decentralized water resources. The priority for the first five years has been in decentralized wastewater management. This plan describes currently funded initiatives and the long-term agenda for decentralized wastewater management. It also discusses conferences and workshops that were convened to solicit input and coordinate plan development. (public health officials, researchers, state regulatory agencies, state officials, and engineers)
This booklet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Application of a Risk-Based Approach to Community Wastewater Management: Tisbury, Massachusetts
National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project
10/02/02
The Town of Tisbury, Massachusetts, is situated south of Cape Cod on the island of Martha's Vineyard. It provides an example of decentralized wastewater management in progress in a coastal island community with nutrient-sensitive resources, a sole source aquifer (only one aquifer available for drinking water), combined with growth concerns. The goals and key elements of Tisbury's management program, coupled with the process the town has gone through, provide a case history that other communities can adapt to their own circumstances. This overview of the management program includes critical decision-making points, barriers to implementation, status of the implementation effort, and next steps. (researchers, local and state officials, regulatory agencies, engineers, general public, planners, managers, and public health officials)
This book is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Low Pressure Pipe Systems
Office of Water
10/7/02
Less than one-third of the land area in the U.S. has soil conditions suitable for conventional soil absorption systems. Although not an alternative for all unsuitable soils, the low-pressure pipe (LPP) system has proven to be useful to some specific conditions where conventional systems frequently fail. This fact sheet describes the LPP system, its main components, applicability, advantages and disadvantages, design criteria (including soil, space, drainage, and topography requirements), performance, operation and maintenance, and costs. The LPP system is illustrated, and a general maintenance schedule is included. References and resources for additional information are listed. This information may be useful to wastewater professionals who install onsite systems and homeowners.
(engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, public health officials, contractors/developers)
This fact sheet is $1.40. Shipping charges do apply.
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On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems: Operation and Maintenance
Texas A&M University
10/7/02
Once viewed as a temporary way to manage wastewater for homes prior to connecting to a centralized sewer system, onsite systems are now considered a permanent solution for treatment wastewater. With about 37 percent of homes being built using an onsite wastewater treatment system, it is vital that residents maintain them regularly to prevent health hazards or environmental pollution. This brief and easy-to-read fact sheet describes how these systems work including the conventional septic system, and what factors affect them. The fact sheet discusses maintenance and management and water conservation. Two full-color illustrations depict the septic tank and soil absorption field system. Those wastewater professionals who work with homeowners to install an onsite system, as well as the homeowners themselves may find this information useful.
(researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, general public, operators, contractors/developers)
This fact sheet is $1.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSOM45. (English Version)
This fact sheet is $1.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSOM46. (Spanish Version)

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On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems: Tablet Chlorination
Texas A&M University
10/10/02
If wastewater is sprayed onto lawns, it must first be disinfected to prevent odors and remove disease-causing microorganisms. For onsite wastewater treatment systems, the most common form of disinfection is tablet chlorination. This fact sheet discusses the components of tablet chlorinators, how the tablets disinfect water, and the proper uses of them for best performance. The fact sheet includes tips on chlorinator maintenance and a full-color drawing of the tablet chlorination system. Wastewater professionals who either recommend or install onsite wastewater treatment systems may find this information useful, as well as homeowners who may need to install a tablet chlorinator.
(local officials, general public, public health officials)
This fact sheet is $1.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSGN206. (English Version)
This fact sheet is $1.00. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSGN207. (Spanish Version)

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USEPA’s Program to Regulate the Placement of Waste Water and other Fluids Underground
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
10/17/02
Facilities across the U.S. discharge a variety of hazardous and non-hazardous fluids into more than 400,000 underground formations known as injection wells. The U.S. EPA’s Underground Injection Contron (UIC) Program provides safeguards so that injection wells do not endanger underground sources of drinking water. This fact sheet defines injection wells and discusses the five classes of injection wells. The need for the UIC program and how it works to protect groundwater supplies are also explained. This information may be useful to wastewater professionals whose job is to protect the public health by proper installation, operation, and/or regulation of injection wells.
(engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, planners, managers, state officials, public health officials)
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems: Trickling Filter
Texas A&M University
10/17/02
A trickling filter is a bed of gravel media over which pretreated wastewater is sprayed. Microorganisms attach themselves to the media and form a biological film over it. As the wastewater trickles through the media, the microorganisms consume and remove contaminants from the water. This brief fact sheet describes the trickling filter’s components, how it treats the wastewater, its design, and how to keep it working. Two full-color illustrations depict the trickling filter system. Wastewater professionals who recommend or install onsite systems, as well as homeowners, may find this information useful.
(engineers, researchers, local officials, general public, public health officials, operators)
This fact sheet is $1.00. Shipping charges do apply.
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Evaluating Customer Response to Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Options
Robert McKee and S. McNulty
1/16/04
This CD presents the results of a study conducted in 2000 designed to help the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) gauge user attitudes and preferences toward distributed wastewater treatment systems and management options. The study’s objectives include the following:

• Identify customer attitudes regarding water quality and the adequacy of their current septic systems, alternative wastewater solutions, and who has primary responsibility for wastewater issues.
• Identify the contextual factors affecting customer attitudes and preferences related to water quality and wastewater issues.
• Identify tradeoffs customers make between septic systems and connecting to sewer systems and their willingness to pay for third-party septic system management.
• Identify how different types of customers would make decisions about wastewater solutions differently.

Data from The Septic System Survey 2000, conducted by North Carolina State University, was analyzed to help address the research objectives.
Despite the lack of market penetration achieved by advanced wastewater treatment technologies and the current uncertainty regarding future adoption of these systems and of management and maintenance services, the survey analysis indicates there are future opportunities for decentralized wastewater treatment technologies and related services.

The study also identifies opportunities for future NDWRCDP research. This product will be of interest to public health officials, local officials, planners, researchers, state officials, and the state regulatory agencies.
The report is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Buzzard’s Bay “Sep Track” Initiative: Demonstrating Practical Tools for Watershed Management Through the Natural Estuary Program
Office of Water
1/16/04
The Buzzard's Bay Watershed includes 432 square miles and a population of nearly 236,000. Approximately half the homes utilize onsite systems to treat wastewater. Problematic onsite systems have lead to the contamination of waters resulting in the closure of shellfish beds and other water-contact recreation activities. Local boards of health typically lack the ability to efficiently and effectively monitor septic system permits, inspection, and maintenance information due to insufficient staffing and information-processing equipment and systems.

The SepTrack Demonstration Project provided computers and specialized software to communities to allow them to better manage information related to onsite systems, thereby freeing staff time for better design review and enforcement and to identify patterns of failure. Success stories along with lessons learned from the project are included in this overview of the Buzzards Bay "SepTrack" Initiative. This product could be useful to anyone involved with the management of septic systems, local officials, public health officials, state regulatory agencies, managers, state officials and the general public.
The booklet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Water Infrastructure: Information on Financing, Capital Planning, and Privatization
Congress of the United States
11/24/03
According to the EPA and water utility industry groups, communities will need an estimated $300 billion to $1 trillion over the next 20 years to repair, replace, or upgrade aging drinking water and wastewater facilities, accommodate a growing population, and meet new water quality standards. The respective ranking minority members of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and its Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water, asked the GAO to examine several issues relating to the funding available to help meet the capital investment needs of the nation’s drinking water and wastewater facilities. The GAO agreed to provide the information in two reports. The first report, issued in November 2001, addressed the amounts and sources of federal and state financial assistance for drinking water and wastewater infrastructure during fiscal years 1991 through 2000. This second report examines:

1) how funds obtained by large public and private drinking water and wastewater utilities—those serving populations greater than 10,000—through user charges and other local funding sources compare with their cost of providing service;
2) how such utilities manage existing capital assets and plan for needed capital improvements; and
3) what factors influence private companies’ interest in assuming the operation or ownership of publicly owned drinking water and wastewater facilities.

The second report lists the principal findings of the GAO’s investigation, which include the following:

• user charges and other local sources of funds covered much, but not all, of utilities’ cost of providing service.
• many utilities lacked comprehensive asset management plans, but most had identified future capital needs.
• profit potential is a key factor in private companies’ decisions to assume operation or ownership of utilities.

Appendices include the surveys of drinking water and wastewater utilities. The tables and figures delineate the statistical analysis of the survey results. The information in this report should be of interest to those wastewater professionals, local officials, planners, managers, state officials, public health officials, and finance officers whose work involves the either planning, maintaining, or financing a community’s drinking water and wastewater infrastructure.
This report is $2.00. Shipping charges do apply.
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Suitability of Ohio Soils for Treating Wastewater
Karen Mancl and Brian Slater
11/24/03
In Ohio, almost one million homes are beyond the reach of community sewage systems. The soil on the lot is often considered the best medium to treat and dispose of the wastewater to protect the public health as well as the environment. This bulletin explains how soil treats wastewater, which soil series are suited to septic system leachfields and mound systems, and shallow dispersal of treated wastewater. The bulletin also includes directions on how to find information on soil characteristics and references are provided for more information. Several tables and figures, including a cross-section of a mound system, and delineation of soil series suited and not suited for particular types of wastewater treatment systems, soil dispersal, and waste application are also included. The appendix includes a chart of the percent of soils in onsite wastewater treatment suitability categories for all 88 Ohio counties. Onsite sewage treatment system designers, planners, installers, and regulators all can use this valuable information to help select the most appropriate wastewater treatment disposal systems for a tract of land.
This bulletin is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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What Do You Mean My House Has A Septic Tank?
A.M. Wachinski
11/24/03
Designed specifically with the homeowner in mind, this booklet unlocks many mysteries associated with onsite wastewater treatment systems. The booklet includes semi-technical descriptions of septic tanks, soil absorption fields, cesspools, seepage pits, and dry wells. Regular maintenance and routine pumping are detailed along with techniques on how to:

* locate your system,
* measure the sludge and scum in the septic tank, and
* determine when to pump your tank.

The last section is dedicated to "how to care for your septic tank" by discussing what not to put down the drain; the use of additives, garbage disposers; when repairs are needed; and whom to contact for servicing your system. This booklet will be useful to the general public, public health officials, and contractors/developers.
The cost of this booklet is $8.45. Shipping charges do apply.
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Directions in Development: An Integrated Approach to Wastewater Treatment—Deciding Where, When, and How Much to Invest
Manuel Marion and John Boland
11/24/03
Controlling water pollution is expensive and even higher-income countries have a hard time mobilizing resources to expand the coverage of sound wastewater disposal, and to operate and maintain the new facilities.

This paper looks at the experience of four higher-income countries (France, Germany, Spain, and the United States) in managing wastewater at the river basin level. Each of them has gone through three stages:

* uncoordinated local management first,
* then a decentralized approach with a lead planning and facilitation agency to help set priorities at the river basin level, and
* more recently a move toward uniform disposal standards.

The paper concludes that the first stage has led to inefficiencies, as well as gaps in coverage, and the third-stage "blanket" approach gives poor value-for-money. A second-stage approach would be more effective for capital-scarce economies. Recent experiences in developing and transition countries are assessed against this framework.

The paper then maps a process through which a "stage two" approach could be implemented in a river basin. Practitioners in government, donor agencies, and the private sector will find this paper a useful contribution to an urgent debate. This information will be useful to engineers, local officials, managers, planners, regulatory agencies, state officials, state regulatory officials and the general public.
The cost of this booklet is $39.55. Shipping charges do apply.
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Septic Systems 1-2-3
Michiana Council of Governments
11/14/03
This 12-minute video is a good tool for educating homeowners and others who need to understand the basic components, purpose, function, and maintenance of the conventional septic system. This video reminds us that there are only three simple rules for the proper care and maintenance of your septic system:

1. Be careful about how much you put down the system at one time.
2. Be careful about what you put into the septic system.
3. Schedule regular pumping of the septic tank.

In simple and easy-to-understand language, several wastewater professionals, including a plumber, a pumper, an excavator, and an inspector, explain what a septic system is, what its components are, and what it does. Special emphasis is placed on owner responsibility and the regular maintenance of the septic system to prevent problems and to protect the homeowner's investment as well as the environment and the public health. Tips are offered on what goes into the system with other do's and don'ts. This video will be useful to the local officials, general public, public health officials, and contractors/developers.
This video is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Guiding Principles for Constructed Treatment Wetlands: Providing for Water Quality and Wildlife Habitat
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
11/14/03
The number of constructed treatment wetland projects receiving wastewater from municipal, industrial, agricultural and storm water sources has increased to more than 600 active projects across the U.S. This user guide promotes the development of environmentally beneficial constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment system by providing information on the legal, policy, and technical issues associated with these systems. It serves as a guide for those developing and managing constructed treatment wetlands. The guide provides information about the principles for planning, siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of municipal wastewater treatment constructed weltands. Information on current EPA policies, permits, regulations, and resources is also included. The user guide also includes commonly asked questions with answers, and the appendices offer definitions, references, and other helpful information. This guide should be of interest to wastewater professionals who work with municipalities considering constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. It will also be useful for engineers, researchers, state regulatory agencies, local officials, planners, managers, state officials, public health officials, operators, and contractors/developers.
This guide is $4.80. Shipping charges do apply.
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Understanding Your Household Septic System
Elaine Hassinger and Kitt Farrell-Poe
11/14/03
This fact sheet, one in a series from the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension concerning domestic wastewater treatment, provides information, which helps the owners to understand how to take care of the system to maximize its ability to treat the household wastewater. The fact sheet gives details about how the system works, what a soil absorption system is, how it treats wastewater, and ways to manage the system. There is also an illustration of a conventional septic system with a drainfield. This information could be used as part of a homeowner education package by public health or local officials and the general public
This guide is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Inspecting Your Household Septic System
Elaine Hassinger and Kitt Farrell-Poe
11/14/03
This brief fact sheet, one in a series series from the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, emphasizes the need for the proper inspection and maintenance of an onsite septic system. It describes the importance of maintaining the system and explains the steps included in a thorough system inspection. Space and instructions for the system are also included to help the owner sketch the location of the system including the house, septic tank, soil treatment, and well. This information can be used as part of a system owner education program across the country useful to the local officials, public health officials and the general public.
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
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Managing Your Household Septic System
Elaine Hassinger and Kitt Farrell-Poe
11/14/03
It is important for onsite/septic system owners to understand how septic systems work, how to maintain them, and precautions to take to decrease the potential for the septic system to contaminate groundwater or surface water. This brief fact sheet, one in a series from the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, gives the owner an overview of management procedures to safeguard the system, including controlling the volume of wastewater sent to the tank, controlling the quality of the wastewater, maintaining the septic tank, and maintaining the drainfield. This information should be useful to the homeowner, local officials, and public health officials and could easily be used as part of an educational program for system owners.
This fact sheet is 20 cents. Shipping charges do apply.
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Maintaining Your Septic System
Elaine Hassinger and Kitt Farrell-Poe
11/14/03
It is important that the septic tank be properly maintained to work correctly. However, the best-designed and operated septic tank system eventually fails unless sludge is periodically removed from the septic tank. This brief fact sheet, one in a series from t he University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, gives the owner an overview of maintenance procedures to safeguard the system. Tank maintenance, measuring sludge and scum accumulation, septic tank additives, and other additions to the tank are discussed. Procedures for measuring the accumulation of sludge and scum layers in a septic tank are illustrated, and a frequency table notes the estimated number of people in the household. This information should be useful to the homeowner, and could easily be used as part of an educational program for system owners.
This fact sheet is free. Shipping charges do apply.
Request item #WWFSPE81.

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Future Investment in Drinking Water and wastewater Infrastructure
Congressional Budget Office
11/14/03
According to experts from the EPA and various nonfederal groups, the nation's drinking water and wastewater systems face increasing challenges over the next several decades in maintaining and replacing their pipes, treatment plants, and other infrastructure. But there is neither consensus on the size and timing of future investment costs nor agreement on the impact of those costs on households and other water ratepayers. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has analyzed those issues, and this study provides:

* background information on the nation's water systems,
* CBO's estimates of future costs for water infrastructure under two scenarios (a low-cost case and a high-cost case), and
* broad policy options for the federal government.

Keeping in mind the CBO's mandate to provide objective and impartial analysis, this report makes no recommendations. Three chapters in this study discuss drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, estimates of future investment costs and their implications, and options for federal policy. The appendices include information about the assumptions the CBO used in it low-cost and high-cost cases and major sources of efficiency savings. Figures and summary tables throughout the report illustrate statistical analyses. The report could be useful to researchers, state regulatory agencies, planners, public health officials, finance officers, wastewater professionals, and local and state officials whose work involves financing of community water and wastewater infrastructure.
The cost of this report is $15.00. Shipping charges do apply.
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National Research Center for Coal and Energy
West Virginia University

©2006, National Environmental Services Center