Ultraviolet Disinfection
Chlorine Disinfection
Ozone Disinfection
Fine Bubble Aeration
Trickling Filters: Achieving
Nitrification
Intermittent Sand Filters
Recirculating Sand Filters

This fact sheet gives a technical overview of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It describes how the UV process works, system components, design information, and performance characteristics. A typical UV disinfection unit is illustrated, and case studies, operation and maintenance requirements, advantages and disadvantages, and cost information are included. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet gives a general overview of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It briefly describes how the process works, system components, and performance characteristics. A typical UV disinfection unit is illustrated, and general information is included on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet gives a technical overview of chlorine disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It describes how the chlorination process works, the basic components of the system, design information, performance characteristics, and the process for dechlorination. Included is an illustration of a compound-loop control system for chlorination with chlorine and dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. Case studies are provided along with operation and maintenance requirements, advantages and disadvantages, and cost information. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet gives a general overview of chlorine disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It briefly describes how the chlorination process works, the basic components of the system, performance characteristics, and dechlorination. Included is an illustration of a compound-loop control system for chlorination with liquid chlorine and dechlorination with sulfur dioxide. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed, in addition to operation and maintenance requirements, and cost information. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet gives a technical overview of ozone disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It describes how the ozonation process works, the basic components of the system, design information, and performance characteristics. A diagram of the ozone disinfection process is included. The fact sheet also provides case studies and information on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet gives a general overview of ozone disinfection of wastewater to help people who are weighing disinfection options. It briefly describes how the ozonation process works, the basic components of the system, and performance characteristics. A diagram of the ozone disinfection process is provided, in addition to general information on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a technical overview of how fine bubble aeration is used in wastewater treatment. It describes the aeration process, the main types of fine bubble diffusers, design information, and performance characteristics. Included are illustrations of a membrane disc diffuser, dome diffuser, and tube diffuser. The fact sheet also provides case studies and information on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of how fine bubble aeration is used in wastewater treatment. It briefly describes the aeration process, the main types of fine bubble diffusers, and performance characteristics. Included are illustrations of a membrane disc diffuser, dome diffuser, and tube diffuser. General information is also provided on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a technical overview of trickling filters and how they are used in wastewater treatment to achieve nitrification. A schematic of a trickling filter is included, along with case studies and information on design, performance characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and operation and maintenance. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of trickling filters and how they are used in wastewater treatment to achieve nitrification. A schematic of a trickling filter is included. General information is provided on the advantages and disadvantages of trickling filters, performance, and operation and maintenance. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a technical overview of recirculating sand filters (RSFs) and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet describes how RSFs work, the basic components of the system, design information, and performance characteristics. A typical RSF system is illustrated, and case studies are provided, in addition to information on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of RSFs and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet briefly describes how RSFs work, the basic components of the system, and performance characteristics. A typical RSF system is illustrated, and general information is provided on advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a technical overview of intermittent sand filters (ISFs) and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet describes how ISFs work, the basic components of the system, and some common types (gravity discharge, pumped discharge, and bottomless ISFs). A typical cross section of an ISF is illustrated, and case studies are provided, in addition to information on design, performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of ISFs and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet briefly describes how ISFs work, the basic components of the system, and some common types (gravity discharge, pumped discharge, and bottomless ISFs). A typical cross section of an ISF is illustrated, and general information is provided on performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing disposal options by giving a technical overview of mound systems and how they are used in wastewater disposal. The fact sheet describes the basic components of a mound system and how it works, and provides information on advantages and disadvantages, siting and design, and performance. A schematic of a Wisconsin mound system is included, in addition to case studies, operation and maintenance requirements, and cost information. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of mound systems and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet briefly describes the basic components of a mound system and how it works. A schematic of a Wisconsin mound system is included, and general information is provided on performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a technical overview of composting toilet systems. The fact sheet describes how the composting process works and the basic components of a composting toilet system. An illustration of a composting toilet is included, in addition to a table of typical pathogen survival times at 20 to 30 degrees Celsius in various environments. Case studies are provided, along with information on performance, cost, advantages and disadvantages, and operation and maintenance. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of composting toilet systems. The fact sheet briefly describes how the composting process works and the basic components of a composting toilet system. An illustration of a composting toilet is included, in addition to general information on performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing disposal options by giving a technical overview of low-pressure pipe (LPP) systems and how they are used in wastewater disposal. The fact sheet describes the basic components of an LPP system and how it works and provides information on performance factors such as soil requirements, space requirements, drainage, and topography. An illustration of an LPP system is included, in addition to case studies and information on cost, advantages and disadvantages, and operation and maintenance. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of LPP systems and how they are used in wastewater treatment. The fact sheet briefly describes the basic components of an LPP system and how it works. An illustration of an LPP system is included, in addition to general information on performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet gives a technical overview of septage management and is intended to help people select the most appropriate septage management option for their particular situation. The fact sheet discusses the three basic alternatives for septage treatment and disposal, which include land application, treatment at wastewater treatment plants, and treatment at independent septage treatment plants. Specific options for each of these alternatives are described in detail. Methods of stabilizing septage are also detailed. A table is included that lists the characteristics of septage and their minimum and maximum concentrations. Another table lists the sources of septage, characteristics, and removal pump-out rates. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet gives a general overview of septage management and is intended to familiarize people with the various septage management options that exist. The fact sheet briefly discusses the three basic alternatives for septage treatment and disposal, which include land application, treatment at wastewater treatment plants, and treatment at independent septage treatment plants. General information is also provided on stabilization methods. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment/disposal options by giving a technical overview of evapotranspiration (ET) systems and how they are used in onsite wastewater treatment/disposal. The fact sheet defines evapotranspiration and discusses the conditions that must be met in order for an ET system to be effective. The three main types of ET systems (evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration/absorption, and mechanical) are described. A cross-sectional view of a typical ET bed is illustrated, and information is provided on performance factors, such as the rate of evaporation versus precipitation, hydraulic loading, sand capillary rise characteristics, and cover soil and vegetation. In addition, the fact sheet includes case studies and information on cost, advantages and disadvantages, and operation and maintenance. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet is intended to help those who are weighing treatment options by giving a general overview of evapotranspiration (ET) systems and how they are used in onsite wastewater treatment. The fact sheet briefly defines evapotranspiration and discusses the conditions that must be met in order for evapotranspiration to be effective. The three main types of ET systems (evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration/absorption, and mechanical) are described. A cross-sectional view of a typical ET bed is illustrated, and general information is provided on performance, advantages and disadvantages, operation and maintenance, and cost. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

This fact sheet gives a technical overview of water-use efficiency and is intended to familiarize people with various water-saving options and how water efficiency can extend the life of wastewater systems. Water conservation has an effect on how much wastewater is produced, thereby having a direct impact on the performance and life of a wastewater system. The fact sheet discusses some water problems encountered by homeowners and communities and how these problems can be countered, in part, by adopting water-efficient programs that target both the engineering and behavioral practices of the community. Utility-based water efficiency measures are detailed, in addition to water-saving devices. A table is provided that lists potential water savings from low-flow fixtures. The fact sheet also includes case studies and discusses personal habits that an individual can practice to use water efficiently. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.

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This fact sheet gives a general overview of various water-saving options and how water efficiency can extend the life of wastewater systems. General information is provided about engineering options for residential users, such as installing low-flow plumbing fixtures. The fact sheet also discusses personal habits that an individual can practice to use water efficiently, as well as utility-based measures that can be taken. A table is provided that lists water-saving fixtures and their capacity. References used to develop the fact sheet are included and can provide additional information.